2.3.2 Industrial Activities

_{Table: TICCS® Industrial Activity Classifications}

_Code

_Name

_Code

_Name

_Code

_Name

_IC10

_{Power Generation x-Renewables}

_IC1010

_{Independent Power Producers}

_IC101010

_{Nuclear Power Generation}

_IC101020

_{Gas-Fired Power Generation}

_IC101030

_{Coal-Fired Power Generation}

_IC101040

_{Combined Heat and Power Generation}

_IC101050

_{Other Fossil-Fuel-Fired Power Generation}

_IC1020

_{Independent Water and Power Producers}

_IC102010

_{Power and Water Production}

_IC20

_{Environmental Services}

_IC2010

_{Waste Treatment}

_IC201010

_{Non-Hazardous Waste Treatment}

_IC201020

_{Hazardous Waste Treatment}

_IC201030

_{Waste-to-Power Generation}

_IC201040

_{Waste incineration}

_IC201050

_{Gaseous Waste Treatment}

_IC2020

_{Water Supply and Treatment}

_IC202010

_{Potable Water Treatment}

_IC202020

_{Industrial Water Treatment}

_IC202030

_{Sea Water Desalination}

_IC202040

_{Water Supply Dams}

_IC2030

_{Wastewater Treatment}

_IC203010

_{Residential Wastewater Treatment and Reuse}

_IC203020

_{Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse}

_IC2040

_{Environmental Management}

_IC204010

_{Flood Control}

_IC204020

_{Coastal and Riverine Locks}

_IC204030

_{Energy Efficiency}

_IC204040

_{Carbon Capture}

_IC30

_{Social Infrastructure}

_IC3010

_{Defence Services}

_IC301010

_{Strategic Transport and Refuelling}

_IC301020

_{Training Facilities}

_IC301030

_{Barracks and Accommodation}

_IC3020

_{Education Services}

_IC302010

_{Schools (Classes and Sports Facilities)}

_IC302020

_{Universities (Classes, Labs, Administration Buildings)}

_IC302030

_{Student Accommodation}

_IC3030

_{Government Services}

_IC303010

_{Police Stations and Facilities}

_IC303020

_{Courts of Justice}

_IC303030

_Prisons

_IC303040

_{Street Lighting}

_IC303050

_{Social Accommodation}

_IC303060

_{Gov. Buildings and Office Accommodation}

_IC3040

_{Health and Social Care Services}

_IC304010

_Hospitals

_IC304020

_Clinics

_IC304030

_{Residential and Assisted Living}

_IC304040

_Crematorium

_IC3050

_{Recreational Facilities}

_IC305010

_{Stadiums and Sports Centres}

_IC305020

_{Public Parks and Gardens}

_IC305030

_{Convention and Exhibition Centres}

_IC305040

_{Arts, Libraries, and Museums}

_IC40

_{Energy and Water Resources}

_IC4010

_{Natural Resources Transportation Companies}

_IC401010

_{Gas Pipeline}

_IC401020

_{Oil Pipeline}

_IC401030

_{Water Pipeline}

_IC401040

_{Wastewater Pipeline}

_IC401050

_{LNG Ships}

_IC4020

_{Energy Resource Processing Companies}

_IC402010

_{Liquefied Natural Gas - Liquefaction}

_IC402020

_{Liquefied Natural Gas - Regasification}

_IC402030

_{Crude Oil Refinery}

_IC402040

_{Bioethanol Fuel}

_IC4030

_{Energy Resource Storage Companies}

_IC403010

_{Gas Storage}

_IC403020

_{Liquid Storage}

_IC403030

_{Other Storage}

_IC403040

_{Floating Storage Units - FSU}

_IC50

_{Data Infrastructure}

_IC5010

_{Data Transmission}

_IC501010

_{Cell towers}

_IC501020

_{Long-Distance Cables}

_IC501030

_{Communication Satellites}

_IC501040

_{Radio and media towers}

_IC5020

_{Data Storage}

_IC502010

_{Data Centres}

_IC60

_Transport

_IC6010

_{Airport Companies}

_IC601010

_Airport

_IC6020

_{Car Park Companies}

_IC602010

_{Car Park}

_IC6030

_{Port Companies}

_IC603010

_{Tool Port}

_IC603020

_{Bulk Goods Port}

_IC603030

_{Container Port}

_IC603040

_{Other Port}

_IC6040

_{Rail Companies}

_IC604010

_{Heavy Rail Lines}

_IC604020

_{High Speed Rail Lines}

_IC604030

_{Freight Rail Rolling Stock}

_IC604040

_{Passenger Rail Rolling Stock}

_IC6050

_{Road Companies}

_IC605010

_Motorways

_IC605020

_{Motorway Network}

_IC605030

_{Dual-Carriage way roads}

_IC605040

_{Stand-Alone Tunnels}

_IC605050

_{Stand-Alone Bridges}

_IC6060

_{Urban Commuter Companies}

_IC606010

_{Urban Light-Rail}

_IC606020

_{Underground Mass Transit}

_IC606030

_{Overground Mass Transit}

_IC606040

_{Bus Transportation}

_IC70

_{Renewable Power}

_IC7010

_{Wind Power Generation}

_IC701010

_{On-Shore Wind Power Generation}

_IC701020

_{Off-Shore Wind Power Generation}

_IC7020

_{Solar Power Generation}

_IC702010

_{Photovoltaic Power Generation}

_IC702020

_{Thermal Solar Power}

_IC7030

_{Hydroelectric Power Generation}

_IC703010

_{Hydroelectric Dam Power Generation}

_IC703020

_{Hydroelectric Run-of-River Power}

_IC703030

_{Pumped Hydroelectric storage}

_IC7040

_{Other Renewable Power Generation}

_IC704010

_{Biomass Power Generation}

_IC704020

_{Geothermal Power Generation}

_IC704030

_{Wave Power Generation}

_IC7050

_{Other Renewable Technologies}

_IC705010

_{Battery storage}

_IC705020

_{Off-Shore Transmission (OFTO)}

_IC705030

_{Thermal storage}

_IC7060

_{Hydrogen power generation}

_IC706010

_{Hydrogen-fired power generation}

_IC706020

_{Hydrogen fuel cells}

_IC706030

_{Hydrogen storage}

_IC80

_{Network Utilities}

_IC8010

_{Electricity Distribution Companies}

_IC801010

_{Electricity Distribution Network}

_IC8020

_{Electricity Transmission Companies}

_IC802010

_{Electricity Transmission Network}

_IC8030

_{District Cooling/Heating Companies}

_IC803010

_{District Cooling/Heating Network}

_IC8040

_{Water and Sewerage Companies}

_IC804010

_{Water and Sewerage Network}

_IC8050

_{Gas Distribution Companies}

_IC805010

_{Gas Distribution Network}

_IC8060

_{Data Distribution Companies}

_IC806010

_{Data Distribution Network}

_IC8070

_{Smart metering Companies}

_IC807010

_{Smart metering network}

_{Table: TICCS® Superclass and Class-Level Definitions}

_Code

_Definition

_Code

_Definition

_IC10

_{Stand-alone power generation using a range of technologies except wind, solar, and other renewable sources.}

_IC1010

_{Independent power producers (IPP) provide electricity to power distribution and transmission companies or directly to industrial or commercial clients.}

_IC1020

_{Independent water and power producers (IWPP) are power producers with a colocated water-desalination or filtration facility. Industrial, potable, or ultra-pure water is typically a by-product of the power generation process.}

_IC20

_{Companies involved in the treatment of water, wastewater, and solid waste for sanitation and reuse purposes.}

_IC2010

_{Waste treatment services include the collection and disposal of solid refuse from residential, commercial, or industrial sources.}

_IC2020

_{Stand-alone water treatment companies produce water for various uses, including residential, commercial, and industrial end users.}

_IC2030

_{Stand-alone wastewater treatment companies treat wastewater from residential, commercial, and industrial sources to a certain discharge or reuse standard.}

_IC2040

_{Environmental management companies invest in projects that conserve natural resources, protect habitats, and control hazards.}

_IC30

_{Companies involved in the delivery of support and accommodation services for public or other services.}

_IC3010

_{Defence infrastructure companies provide noncombatant support services to public-sector military organisations, including strategic transport, training facilities, and telecommunications.}

_IC3020

_{Infrastructure companies providing education services through the development and maintenance of school and university buildings and related facilities for the use of public or private institutions.}

_IC3030

_{Infrastructure companies providing support and accommodation services to government departments and other public-sector organisations and agencies.}

_IC3040

_{Healthcare infrastructure companies provide support service and facilities to public- or private-sector medical treatment units.}

_IC3050

_{Convention, entertainment, and recreational facilities infrastructure companies deliver and maintain various large-scale leisure facilities typically requiring a bespoke structural-engineering component.}

_IC40

_{Companies involved in the treatment and delivery of natural resources.}

_IC4010

_{Pipeline companies develop and operate high-pressure transmission pipelines.}

_IC4020

_{Energy natural resource processing companies transform crude oil, natural gas, and other commodities into various derivative or transformed products.}

_IC4040

_{Energy natural resource storage companies provide storage services to private and public clients by exploiting large natural caverns or buildings and maintaining over- or underground tanks.}

_IC50

_{Companies involved in the provision of telecommunication and data infrastructure.}

_IC5010

_{Data transmission companies involved in the construction, operation, and maintenance of data transmission assets including telecommunications towers, land or sea based long-distance communication cables, and communication satellites.}

_IC5020

_{Data storage companies involved in the development, operation, and maintenance of physical data storage infrastructure. This does not include companies that offer data storage in addition to other products.}

_IC60

_{Companies involved in the provision of transportation infrastructure services.}

_IC6010

_{Airport companies build, maintain, and operate airport terminals, runways, and associated support and logistical services. Large airports also lease property for commercial and retail purposes.}

_IC6020

_{Car park service companies provide individual and commercial end users with vehicle-parking facilities. They are relatively small-scale structures built over- and underground mostly within large urban areas.}

_IC6030

_{Port infrastructure companies build, maintain, and operate port jetties, passenger terminals, and freight transit and storage facilities.}

_IC6040

_{Rail companies provide long-distance, intercity passenger and freight services.}

_IC6050

_{Road companies build, maintain, and operate roads and motorways including bridges and tunnels.}

_IC6060

_{Urban commuter companies build, maintain, and operate urban rail routes from light (tramway) to mass-transit rail tracks, including over- and underground rail lines.}

_IC70

_{Stand-alone power generation and transmission companies using wind, solar, hydro and other renewable energy sources. Also energy storage companies.}

_IC7010

_{Wind power companies produce electricity using wind power to operate various types of electromagnetic turbines.}

_IC7020

_{Solar power companies produce electricity by capturing solar radiation using a range of solar-cell technologies.}

_IC7030

_{Hydroelectric power generating companies use water to produce electricity. This can either be from a dam or from a river.}

_IC7040

_{Other renewable power generation companies using various physical phenomena or alternative renewable fuels (other than the wind, sun, or hydro) to generate electricity.}

_IC7050

_{Other renewables technology companies use a variety of different methods to provide, store and transmit renewable energy.}

_IC7060

_{Hydrogen fired power generating companies that use hydrogen as a fuel. In which the fuel was produced through the electrolysis process. Further involves infrastructure in containing hydrogen through a common method of pressurized storage.}

_IC80

_{Companies operating an infrastructure network with natural monopoly characteristics (barriers to entry, increasing returns to scale).}

_IC8010

_{Electricity distribution companies distribute medium-voltage electricity to final consumers.}

_IC8020

_{Electricity transmission companies transmit relatively high-voltage electricity from the point of generation source to a distribution network.}

_IC8030

_{Heating or cooling companies provide service in urban areas using combined heat and power to recycle or reuse waste heat.}

_IC8040

_{Water and sewerage companies provide potable water treatment and distribution services as well as the collection, treatment, and disposal of wastewater and sewerage.}

_IC8050

_{Gas distribution companies operate low-pressure pipeline networks delivering natural gas to end residential, commercial, and industrial consumers.}

_IC8060

_{Data distribution companies involve in provision of essential data network especially to sectors of economy (e.g. financial systems, industrial supply chain, public utilities, etc) through utilisation of fiber networks, cell towers, data centers and other data infrastructure.}

_IC8070

_{A metering system that monitors and records the utility consumption in a building or area. It usually consists of networked meters built together with sensors and controllers.}

_{Table: TICCS® Subclass-Level Definitions}

_Code

_Definition

_IC101010

_{Nuclear power plants heat water in producing steam using nuclear reactors combined with the Rankine cycle. It is a nuclear fission process whereby the steam is used to spin large turbines that generate electricity.}

_IC101020

_{Gas-fired power plants that utilise Open-cycle gas turbine (OCGT) and Combined Cycle gas turbine (CCGT) technologies. OCGT plants burn natural gas to create a pressurised gas as the working fluid used to turn a turbine to extract energy in the form of electricity. While CCGT plants employ both gas turbine and steam turbines in combination to maximise electricity output where it uses the resulting waste heat from the gas turbine to produce steam to run the steam turbine.}

_IC101030

_{Coal-fired plants where coal is pulverized and injected into a boiler and burned to produce steam that flows into a turbine that spins a generator to generate electricity.}

_IC101040

_{Cogeneration power plant that concurrently generates electricity and thermal energy used for a district or industrial heating from a single fuel source.}

_IC101050

_{Power plant where crude oil and gaseous fuels other than natural gas are used to generate electricity.}

_IC102010

_{Power producers with a co-located water-desalination or filtration facility. Industrial, potable, or ultra-pure water is typically a by-product of the power generation process.}

_IC201010

_{Waste treatment facilities that treat common residential, commercial and industrial waste that is considered non-hazardous in solid or non-solid states. The facilities include landfills, transfer stations, compost facilities, recyclers, and processors.}

_IC201020

_{Waste treatment facilities that are meant for hazardous waste originating from residential, commercial or industrial sources whereby the treatment involves chemical, biological and physical methods. The facilities also have a safety containment system for temporary storage before landfill disposal.}

_IC201030

_{Power plants that burn solid waste at a high temperature to produce superheated steam that drives generators to produce electricity.}

_IC201040

_{A plant that incinerates waste through a moving grate, rotary kiln, thermal oxidizers for gases, fumes, and liquid waste. The types of waste include residential, hazardous, medical, and many others. No electricity as by-product.}

_IC201050

_{Waste treatment facilities that treat gaseous waste via thermal and dry or wet gas treatment.}

_IC202010

_{A water treatment facility that removes impurities in the raw water collected from a lake, reservoir or river to produce water that is consumable for humans. Water flows into the tank, where coagulation, flocculation, and clarification, followed by sedimentation, occur.}

_IC202020

_{Industrial wastewater treatment is used to treat contaminated waters by industrial activities before it can be reused or release into the environment.}

_IC202030

_{A facility that removes salt and other elements from water in order to generate clean water. Typically, it separates water molecules from seawater using reverse osmosis technology.}

_IC202040

_{A water dam is a structure built across a river or a stream used to supply water for agriculture, industrial uses and household uses.}

_IC203010

_{Residential wastewater treatment facility employed to reduce contamination level for reuse. Those include Constructed wetlands, biogas settlers, anaerobic baffled reactors, septic tanks, leach fields, evapo-transpiration beds, and surface or subsurface groundwater recharge.}

_IC203020

_{Companies that employ Industries wastewater purification and recycle for reuse through methods such as sedimentation, aerobic biological treatment, oxidation ponds, biological nutrient removal and disinfection.}

_IC204010

_{Drainage infrastructure system to hold rainwater in order to prevent urban flooding. This includes temporary rainwater storage tanks and drains and canals. The flood control infrastructure also includes temporary flood barriers such as sheet-piling or raised embankments in flood-prone areas.}

_IC204020

_{Lock systems that protect marine habitats, control connectivity between rivers and their tributaries and barriers that keep seawater out at the coastal for flood protection}

_IC204030

_{Energy efficient infrastructure that helps reduce energy demand, while improving energy efficiency and prioritizing emission reductions}

_IC204040

_{Carbon capture facility refer to point-source carbon capture from the energy, industrial and manufacturing processes. The captured carbon is transported via pipeline to underground carbon dioxide storage in geological formations or reusing it for other purposes.}

_IC301010

_{Provision of defence services by a facility in strategic transport and refuelling aircraft.}

_IC301020

_{Buildings, facilities and grounds that are used by defence forces for military training.}

_IC301030

_{Army barracks and provision of defence living accommodation.}

_IC302010

_{Buildings with facilities necessary for instructional for primary and secondary students and have the related supporting purposes including classrooms, libraries, cafeterias and physical sport spaces.}

_IC302020

_{Buildings with facilities necessary for instructional for tertiary students and have the related supporting purposes including classrooms, libraries, cafeterias and physical sport spaces.}

_IC302030

_{Dormitories for students to live in, with residential quarters for large number of students.}

_IC303010

_{Buildings with office spaces available to officers, detectives and administrative employees and has other related facilities, including cells for detainers.}

_IC303020

_{Buildings and facilities for provision of judicial system.}

_IC303030

_{Secure confinement of people who have been convicted or charged with crimes and in removing them from free society.}

_IC303040

_{Streetlights that provide source of light along public roads, back lanes and service roads.}

_IC303050

_{Public housing whereby it is meant for lower-income households to rent and acquire. It is usually set at a fairly low cost by organisations such as the local council.}

_IC303060

_{Buildings used for governmental purposes and manage government agencies’ office accommodation needs.}

_IC304010

_{A building that is used to house one or more wards with beds for inpatients and health facilities with medical equipment and device for nursing care, treatment to a patient, and other healthcare services.}

_IC304020

_{A facility or hospital department where outpatients get medical treatment or consultation, from general medical care to specialist services.}

_IC304030

_{Nursing homes for people who need daily care and primary provision of health and personal care services.}

_IC304040

_{A building with facilities including a cremation furnace and chamber.}

_IC305010

_{It is a venue with a field or stage surrounded by tiers of seats that house a large scale of spectators for sports events, concerts or other events.}

_IC305020

_{An area designed for active or passive public recreational use.}

_IC305030

_{A large building with exhibition facilities and halls designed exclusively for convention and exhibition.}

_IC305040

_{Buildings with collections of literature, history of arts and architecture and provision of services for visitors and students.}

_IC401010

_{An infrastructure composed of pipes that transport extracted natural gas from the point where natural gas was extracted to the point where it was processed or delivered to the starting point of the distribution system.}

_IC401020

_{Pipelines that move crude oil production from wells to central stations for further handling. It includes pipelines that deliver oil to larger transmission pipelines transporting their products to refineries and export facilities.}

_IC401030

_{An infrastructure of high-pressure and long-distance water conveyance pipelines used to move water to serve urban and agricultural users from major sources of water.}

_IC401040

_{Pipelines that collect wastewater produced at production sites and pumps it at high pressure to remote storage or a disposal site.}

_IC401050

_{Ship vessel equipped with containment systems carrying LNG in bulk. The system has heavy-insulated, temperature-controlled tanks that ensure the LNG is kept in a liquid state, enabling gas transportation between the liquefaction plant and the regasification site.}

_IC402010

_{LNG facilities where the natural gas is processed and treated through the gas liquefaction cycle, before storage or transportation.}

_IC402020

_{Facilities that convert the liquefied natural gas back to a gaseous state by using a heat exchanger with sea water as a heat medium to increase the heat of the natural gas to change it from liquid to a gaseous state.}

_IC402030

_{An oil refinery is an industrial plant that transforms or refines crude oil into various usable petroleum products. The process involves distillation, cracking and reforming.}

_IC402040

_{A type of fuel that is derived from plant material. In most cases, this means that the fuel is made from corn or other types of grain. The plant material is fermented using a fermentation tank and then distilled to create the final product.}

_IC403010

_{Natural gas is typically held underground in three types of reservoirs: depleted oil and gas fields, depleted aquifers, and in salt beds and salt caverns.}

_IC403020

_{Liquid terminals and above-ground storage tank facilities are interconnected with and used to store natural resources in liquid form.}

_IC403030

_{Storage facilities for natural resources other than liquid and gas.}

_IC403040

_{Floating terminal with storage facilities for LNG.}

_IC501010

_{A short structure that houses equipment for transmitting and receiving radio signals between a cell phone and a network. The equipment at a cell tower site includes a tower, equipment shelter, generator, and battery backup.}

_IC501020

_{Long distance cables on land and subsea cables where fibre optic cables connect countries across the world via cables typically buried underground or laid on the seabed.}

_IC501030

_{Satellite companies own and operate individual or constellations of commercial or military satellites to serve various private- or public-sector clients}

_IC501040

_{A tall structure usually have large antennas on top to enable the transmission of radio waves over long distances for television and radio stations.}

_IC502010

_{A dedicated physical facility that used by enterprises to store and share applications and data.}

_IC601010

_{Airport companies build, maintain, and operate airport terminals, runways, and associated support and logistical services. Large airports also lease property for commercial and retail purposes.}

_IC602010

_{Building or space designated for parking. It can be in the form of attendant facility, metered facility, or operated by means of automatic parking gates.}

_IC603010

_{A port model where port infrastructure companies leases both the port infrastructure and superstructure assets from the authority and provides services to 3rd parties. The assets are owned, developed and maintained by the port authority.}

_IC603020

_{Industrial port that has all the facilities required for the storage and transhipment of bulk cargo.}

_IC603030

_{It is a facility where cargo containers are transhipped between different types of transport vehicles - for example, container vessel to container trucks or trains.}

_IC603040

_{Ports other than tool port, bulk goods port and container port.}

_IC604010

_{Long-distance heavy rail tracks out to the suburbs or between the cities.}

_IC604020

_{Long-distance tracks with dedicated electrification, grade separated from roads and other railroads that allow rail transportation to at higher speed than traditional rail traffic.}

_IC604030

_{Railway vehicles in both powered and unpowered vehicles usually in the form of rail freight locomotives and heavy-haul wagons.}

_IC604040

_{Coaches that designed to carry passengers on a railway.}

_IC605010

_{The motorway connects two or more important cities, and usually, the traffic is uninterrupted without traffic signals. It allows vehicles to travel at high speed, and it is common in two lanes per side of the road and has tollgates as motorways charge tolls.}

_IC605020

_{A network of roads with inter-city features that have a number of lanes and connect different towns and cities with intersecting roads via traffic lights is a system of highways in any country.}

_IC605030

_{Divided highway which multiple lanes with traffic going in opposite direction.}

_IC605040

_{Underground passageway purposed to connect passage under a mountain or river and divert traffic from congested urban areas.}

_IC605050

_{A structure spanning and providing passage over a gap or barrier, such as river or roadway. Types of bridges include arch bridge, beam bridge, girder bridge, cable stayed bridge and truss bridge.}

_IC606010

_{A system of tramway tracks and powered by overhead electrical wires and used for medium-capacity local transportation in metropolitan areas.}

_IC606020

_{Underground railway system within suburban areas.}

_IC606030

_{Overground railway system within suburban areas.}

_IC606040

_{A bus rapid transit system that runs within the metropolitan area. The infrastructure assets include stations, terminals and bus fleet.}

_IC701010

_{Onshore wind energy is generated by wind turbines that are located on land and use the wind occurring in terrestrial locations.}

_IC701020

_{Offshore wind energy that relies on the power of the wind at sea, where it has greater speed and is more consistent due to the lack of barriers. Megastructures, seated atop the seabed and equipped with turbines, are utilized to harness this powerful resource.}

_IC702010

_{Uses Photovoltaic (PV) panels that convert sunlight into electricity energy. A photovoltaic (PV) system is composed of one or more solar panels combined with an inverter, a mounting apparatus (Racking) and other electrical and mechanical hardware that use energy from the Sun to generate electricity.}

_IC702020

_{Solar thermal energy generation that collect and concentrate sunlight to produce the high temperature heat needed to generate electricity.}

_IC703010

_{Power station that has turbines relying on gravity flow of water from the dam to generate electricity.}

_IC703020

_{Power station that harness the energy from a flowing river to generate electricity.}

_IC703030

_{Hydroelectric energy storage facilities that store energy via interconnected reservoirs with one at a lower elevation.}

_IC704010

_{Power facilities that convert biomass waste, logging residue or agriculture to energy through processes of direct combustion to create heat in generating electricity.}

_IC704020

_{Power plants that uses geothermal energy to generate electricity via flash system, binary cycle system or dry steam system.}

_IC704030

_{Facilities that generate electricity from harnessing the wave energy from oceans.}

_IC705010

_{Storage devices enable energy from renewables, like solar and wind, to be stored and released when the users require it.}

_IC705020

_{Electrical transmission assets that connect offshore wind farms to the onshore electricity network.}

_IC705030

_{Energy storage system that store thermal energy to be used later. It operates by means of heating or cooling a media such as water tank.}

_IC706010

_{Power plants that generate electricity from the hydrogen fuel cells.}

_IC706020

_{Electricity from renewable sources will be fed into an electrolyser with water to make green hydrogen. Where the hydrogen fuel will be compressed, stored, and sold for use as a carbon-free fuel.}

_IC706030

_{Storage facilities that store hydrogen in either gas or liquid forms through means such as salt caverns and pipe storage.}

_IC801010

_{Distribution lines are low-voltage power lines that transport energy from substations to residences, businesses, and other end users. The lines are shorter and span less distance.}

_IC802010

_{Transmission power lines connect power plants to substations at a high voltage. Transmission lines can transport electricity from one end of the country to the other using interstate connections.}

_IC803010

_{A heating network generates and distributes heat in the form of hot water and superheated steam using one or more generating units. While district cooling refers to a cooling network in a centralized system that provides chilled water to supply an air conditioning system.}

_IC804010

_{Water is delivered to end consumers via a network of pipelines, mains, and pumping stations, and is stored in a system of urban water service reservoirs. While sewerage systems are made up of service branch lines from the end users, which feed into reticulation mains. The mains feed into pump stations and trunk sewers, which then lead to treatment plants.}

_IC805010

_{Gas distribution deals with the medium and low pressure gas mains that convey gas to end customers by a distribution utility.}

_IC806010

_{Fibre-to-the-Home (FTTH) network whereby a network that connects telecom facilities with the end-users over optical fibre to provide communication signals.}

_IC807010

_{Smart meter assets installed in the distribution grids to improve energy and gas management and reduce carbon emissions. And water meters in homes and businesses to measure water consumption and encourage water conservation.}